Networking and Communication:
Protocols and Networking Concepts
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- Purpose: Protocol for transmitting hypertext (web pages) over the internet.
- How It Works: Allows browsers to request and fetch data from web servers.
- Example: When you type a URL in your browser, it uses HTTP to fetch the webpage.
- Versions: HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- Purpose: Protocol for sending and relaying email messages.
- How It Works: Works with mail servers to send outgoing emails; used alongside POP3/IMAP for receiving emails.
- Port: Typically uses port 25 or 587 for encrypted communication.
- RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol)
Purpose: A protocol that sends audio and video over the internet instantly.
Use Cases: VoIP, video conferencing, and streaming services.- How It Works: Works with UDP for low-latency transmission.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Purpose: Ensures data is delivered accurately, in the correct order, and without
Characteristics:- Connection-oriented.
- Retransmits lost packets.
- Use Cases: Web browsing, email, file transfer.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Purpose: Offers faster, connectionless communication without error checking.
- Characteristics:
- Low latency but less reliable than TCP.
- Use Cases: Live streaming, gaming, DNS queries.
- IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
- Purpose: Addressing system for devices on a network, using 32-bit addresses.
- Characteristics: Limited to about 4.3 billion unique addresses.
- Example: 192.168.1.1.
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
Purpose: A protocol used to create a direct link between two network devices.
Use Cases: Dial-up internet and broadband connections.- Features: Authentication, error detection, and compression.
- Ethernet
- Purpose: Standardized technology for wired LANs (Local Area Networks).
- How It Works: Uses cables (like Cat5e or Cat6) to connect devices.
- Speed: Can range from 10 Mbps to 400 Gbps.